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Highlights
1. Molybdenum-disulfide (MoS2) as a two-dimensional flame retardant and smoke suppressant in combination with traditional intumescent flame retardants (APP/MPP/PER) improved the reaction to fire properties of TPU
2. Flammability test results and cone calorimeter data showed significant suppression of heat, smoke, and CO released in the TPU/IFR/MoS2 composite compared to the TPU
3. A high-quality char layer with a continuous and compact structure was formed during the combustion of the TPU/IFR/MoS2 composite
4. Thermal stability of TPU was improved by incorporating IFR/MoS2